mjmsMeridian Journal of Mathematical SciencesMeridian J. Math. Sci.2471-35622471-3643Meridian Academic Press10.58301/e2h12807Analytical technique and diverse chaos-identifying tools for the time fractional symmetric regularized long wave equationUllahMohammad SafiHasanMd. MehediMahbubMd. Amanhttps://ror.org/02bnddg69grid.442968.50000 0004 4684 0486Department of Mathematics, Comilla University, Cumilla, 3506 Bangladesh03022023913631610202519112025https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
The nonlinear conformable time-fractional symmetric regularized long wave (SRLW) equation is important in physics because it captures memory effects in fluid flow and describes how weakly nonlinear pulses evolve in optical fibers. This work solves the SRLW problem using the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\:\left(\frac{{G}^{{\prime\:}}}{{G}^{2}}\right)$$\end{document}-expansion technique and obtain diverse exact solutions, such as breather waves, kinky breathers, double kinks, local breathers with kink waves, local breathers with lump waves, and local breathers with dark-bright solitons. Then, the three-dimensional representations, along with their density plots for the real, imaginary, and absolute value parts of these solutions are displayed. We also detect the system’s chaotic nature using various chaos-identifying tools, such as strange attractors, return maps, Lyapunov exponents, and others. The findings demonstrate the usefulness of the mentioned method as a mathematical tool for resolving nonlinear conformable time-fractional problems that arise in various mathematical fields.
Recently, nonlinear evolution equations have become a significant tool for modeling diverse real-life phenomena in the areas of contemporary science, including fluid dynamics1, coastal engineering2, nonlinear optics3, plasma physics4, and others. There have been multiple mathematical models introduced to explain these intricate systems, including the Yajima–Oikawa model5, the Oskolkov Eq6., the Kudryashov-Sinelshchikov Eq7., the Jaulent–Miodek hierarchy Eq8., and many others. To discover the soliton dynamics and novel characteristics of these nonlinear problems, researchers have developed multiple techniques including the modified simple equation technique9, the Wang’s direct mapping method10, ansatz approach11, the extended auxiliary equation technique12, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\text{tan}\left(F\left(\frac{\xi\:}{2}\right)\right)\:$$\end{document}-expansion method13, modified generalized exponential rational function method14, the extension exponential rational function process15, unified solver method16, and many others.
Graphical abstract.
Fractional calculus is at the forefront of ground-breaking research and is becoming increasingly widespread in various physical issues in nonlinear fields. Numerous researchers have also come up with fractional approaches, such as the Caputo-Fabrizio derivative17, the modified Riemann-Liouville derivative18, the local fractional derivative19, the truncated M-fractional derivative20, the conformable fractional derivative21, and more.
The conformable fractional derivative is a forthright definition of the fractional derivative. A conformable fractional derivative is less complex than using a fractional derivative. The conformable fractional derivative obeys certain standard principles that other fractional derivatives do not satisfy, including the chain rule. The sole limitation is that the conformable fractional derivative of every differentiable function at zero is equal to zero. To overcome this problem, a suitable fractional derivative is suggested in22,23.
In this work, we utilize \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\left(\frac{{G}^{{\prime\:}}}{{G}^{2}}\right)\:$$\end{document}-expansion technique24 to derive the exact solutions of the conformable time-fractional nonlinear SRLW problem. This research also uses strange attractors, recurrence plots, return maps, Lyapunov exponents, power spectrum plots, 3D and 2D phase diagrams, and fractal dimensions to identify and inspect the chaos of this nonlinear problem. To the best of the author’s knowledge, there has never been an investigation into the relationship between these types of studies and the analysis of this nonlinear model.
We consider the following SRLW model, which arises in nonlinear fluid waves25,26,\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:{D}_{tt}^{2\beta\:}p+u{p}_{xx}+vp{D}_{t}^{\beta\:}{p}_{x}+v{p}_{x}{D}_{t}^{\beta\:}p+w{D}_{tt}^{2\beta\:}{p}_{xx}=0,\:\:t>0$$\end{document}
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\begin{document}$$\:p\:=\:p\:(x,\:t)$$\end{document} is the amplitude portion of solitons, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:u$$\end{document}, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:v$$\end{document} and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:w$$\end{document} real parameters, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:{D}_{tt}^{2\beta\:}$$\end{document} is the differential operator with fractions of order \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:2\beta\:$$\end{document} in conformable perception. With its modest nonlinearity, this equation offers an intriguing model for electrostatics and charge density fluctuations.
This article is structured into 12 sections, where Sect. 1 contains the introduction with the graphical abstract (see Fig. 1) of this work. Section 2 describes the conformable fractional derivatives. Section 3 contains the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\left(\frac{{G}^{{\prime\:}}}{{G}^{2}}\right)$$\end{document}expansion algorithm, and Sect. 4 comprises its applications. Section 5 provides the graphical representations of the solutions. Section 6 corresponds to the stability analysis of the obtained solution. Section 7 delivers the chaotic analysis by Lyapunov exponents and other tools. Section 8 includes multi-stability analysis. Section 9 explains the uniqueness of our approach and the obtained results. Section 10 covers the future-oriented studies. Finally, Sect. 11 is for the conclusion.
The conformable fractional derivative’s preface
This section presents fundamental definitions and theorems relevant to the conformable fractional derivative. The conformable derivative27 of order \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:t$$\end{document}, is defined as follows:\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:{D}_{t}^{\beta\:}\left(p\left(t\right)\right)=\underset{h\to\:0}{\text{lim}}\frac{p\left(t+h{t}^{1-\beta\:}\right)-p\left(t\right)}{h},\:\:\:t>0,\:\:\beta\:\in\:\left(\text{0,1}\right]$$\end{document}
where the function \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:p=p\left(t\right)\::\left[0,\infty\:\right)\to\:\mathbb{R}$$\end{document} exist.
Theorem 2.1
28 Suppose that the derivative’s order \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\beta\:\in\:\left(\text{0,1}\right]$$\end{document} and let us say, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\mu\:\:=\:\mu\:\left(t\right)$$\end{document} are \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:t$$\end{document}. Then,
29 Let \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\beta\:$$\end{document}-conforming, and suppose that \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:p$$\end{document}.Then,\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:{D}_{t}^{a}\left(p\:o\:\mu\:\right)\left(t\right)={t}^{1-\beta\:}{\mu\:}^{{\prime\:}}\left(t\right)p{\prime\:}\left(\mu\:\left(t\right)\right)$$\end{document}
Certain essential fundamental features, such as the Laplace transform, Taylor series expansion, and chain rule, are satisfied by conformable fractional differential30 operators.
Within this section, we describe the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\left(\frac{{G}^{{\prime\:}}}{{G}^{2}}\right)$$\end{document} -expansion technique that is covered in31,32. With independent variables, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:t$$\end{document}, examine the successive partial differential equations for nonlinear evolution:\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:L\left(p,{p}_{t},{p}_{x},{p}_{tt},{p}_{xx},{p}_{xt},\:\dots\:\right)=0$$\end{document}
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\begin{document}$$\:p$$\end{document}, incorporating numerous partial derivatives, employing nonlinear elements and the higher-order derivatives, and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:t$$\end{document}. The fundamental processes for obtaining exact solutions to NPDEs are as follows.
Step 1
Employ the traveling wave transformation in a variable \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\gamma\:$$\end{document} to turn a nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE) in (2) into an ordinary differential equation (ODE) as outlined below.
where the arbitrary constants \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:q$$\end{document} are nonzero. It should be declared that for some specific problems, another transform, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\gamma\:=a\left(x-q\frac{{t}^{\beta\:}}{\beta\:}\right)$$\end{document}, may rarely be applied. Using as many integrations for \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\gamma\:$$\end{document} as possible, and the transformation in (3) and (2) is converted to an ODE in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:P=P\left(\gamma\:\right)$$\end{document} as follows:\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:Q\left(P,{P}^{{\prime\:}},{P}^{{\prime\:}{\prime\:}},{P}^{{\prime\:}{\prime\:}{\prime\:}},\:\dots\:\right)=0$$\end{document}
A polynomial of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:P\left(\gamma\:\right)\:$$\end{document}and its different derivatives are denoted by \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:Q$$\end{document}. The derivative for \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\gamma\:$$\end{document}, is shown by the prime notation (').
Step 2
Assume that the powers of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\left(\frac{{G}^{{\prime\:}}}{{G}^{2}}\right)$$\end{document} can be used to represent the constitutional solution of the ODE in (4) as follows.
where the following nonlinear ODE is satisfied by \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:{\left(\frac{G{\prime\:}}{{G}^{2}}\right)}^{{\prime\:}}=\alpha\:+A{\left(\frac{G{\prime\:}}{{G}^{2}}\right)}^{2}$$\end{document}
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\begin{document}$$\:\alpha\:$$\end{document} are both arbitrary constants. It is not possible for both unknown constants, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:{l}_{-K}$$\end{document}, to be zero at the same time. The coefficients \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:{l}_{0},\:{l}_{i},\:{l}_{-i}\:(i=\text{1,2},\:\dots\:\:,\:K)$$\end{document} are unknown constants that will be discovered in a subsequent phase.
Step 3
By applying the homogeneous balance principle, which involves striking a balance between the nonlinear factors in (4) and the highest order derivatives, the value of the positive integer \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:K$$\end{document} can be obtained. More specifically, the degree of the other terms will be represented as follows if the degree of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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We find a polynomial in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\left(G{\prime\:}/{G}^{2}\right)$$\end{document} by substituting (5) and (6) into (4). We develop a set of algebraic equations for the unknown constants. By gathering all coefficients of similar power of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\left(G{\prime\:}/{G}^{2}\right)$$\end{document} and set all the collected coefficients to zero. Assume that symbolic software applications such as Maple can be utilized to resolve the resultant algebraic equations for the unknown constants.
Step 5
The three cases listed below can be used to group the general solutions of (6), in which \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:f,g\ne\:0.$$\end{document}.
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\begin{document}$$\:A\alpha\:>0$$\end{document}, after that, we obtain the general solution\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\frac{G{\prime\:}}{{G}^{2}}=\sqrt{\frac{\alpha\:}{A}}\left(\frac{f\:cos\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)+g\:\text{s}\text{i}\text{n}\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)}{g\:cos\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)-f\:\text{s}\text{i}\text{n}\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)}\right)$$\end{document}
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\begin{document}$$\:A\alpha\:<0$$\end{document}, then we obtain the general solution\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\frac{G{\prime\:}}{{G}^{2}}=-\frac{\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}}{A}\left(\frac{f\:sinh\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:\right)+f\:\text{c}\text{o}\text{s}\text{h}\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:+g\right)}{f\:sinh\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:\right)+f\:\text{c}\text{o}\text{s}\text{h}\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:-g\right)}\right)$$\end{document}
If \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\alpha\:=0$$\end{document}, then we obtain the general solution\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\frac{G{\prime\:}}{{G}^{2}}=-\frac{f}{A(f\gamma\:+g)}$$\end{document}
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\begin{document}$$\:\:-$$\end{document} (10) into (5) with the transformation in (3).
Consider the wave transform that follows:\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:p\left(x,t\right)=P\left(\gamma\:\right),\:\gamma\:=a\left(x-q\frac{{t}^{\beta\:}}{\beta\:}\right)$$\end{document}
where \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:q$$\end{document} and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:a$$\end{document} are the wave velocity and the wave height, respectively.
By substituting (11) into (1) and integrating once for \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\gamma\:$$\end{document}. Then, for additional computation, let us assume that the arbitrary constant to \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:0$$\end{document}. we obtain a nonlinear ordinary differential Eq. \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\left({q}^{2}+u\right)P+w{q}^{2}{a}^{2}{P}^{{\prime\:}{\prime\:}}-vq\frac{{P}^{2}}{2}=0$$\end{document}
for which the principle of homogeneous balancing is used. By following Step 3 of the previously described procedure. The second-order derivative \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:P{\prime\:}{\prime\:}$$\end{document} and the nonlinear term of the highest order \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:{P}^{2}$$\end{document} are equalized using formula (7) as follows:\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:deg\left[P{\prime\:}{\prime\:}\right]=K+2=deg\left[{P}^{2}\right]=Kp+2(K+0)$$\end{document}
which leads to \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:K=2$$\end{document}. Therefore, using the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\left(\frac{G{\prime\:}}{{G}^{2}}\right)$$\end{document} expansion method, we find the exact solutions of the ODE in (12) that can be written as,\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:P\left(\gamma\:\right)={l}_{0}+{l}_{1}\left(\frac{G{\prime\:}}{{G}^{2}}\right)+{l}_{-1}{\left(\frac{G{\prime\:}}{{G}^{2}}\right)}^{-1}+{l}_{2}{\left(\frac{G{\prime\:}}{{G}^{2}}\right)}^{2}+{l}_{-2}{\left(\frac{G{\prime\:}}{{G}^{2}}\right)}^{-2}$$\end{document}
where \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:{l}_{0}$$\end{document}, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:{l}_{1}$$\end{document}, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:{l}_{-1}$$\end{document}, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:{l}_{2}$$\end{document}, and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:{l}_{-2}$$\end{document} are unknown constants. Take the place of (14) into (12) along with (6), then compile every coefficient with a similar power of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\left(\frac{G{\prime\:}}{{G}^{2}}\right)$$\end{document}, and then, these resultant coefficients are set to zero. Consequently, we derive the subsequent algebraic equations:\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\left\{\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{c}6w{q}^{2}{a}^{2}{l}_{2}{\alpha\:}^{2}-\frac{1}{2}vq{l}_{2}^{2}=0,\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\\\:2{a}^{2}{\alpha\:}^{2}{q}^{2}w{l}_{1}-qv{l}_{1}{l}_{2}=0,\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\end{array}\\\:-\frac{1}{2}vq{l}_{1}^{2}-vq{l}_{2}{l}_{0}+{l}_{2}u+{l}_{2}{q}^{2}+8w{q}^{2}{a}^{2}{l}_{2}\alpha\:A=0,\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\\\:2A{a}^{2}\alpha\:{q}^{2}w{l}_{1}-qv{l}_{-1}{l}_{2}-qv{l}_{0}{l}_{1}+{q}^{2}{l}_{1}+u{l}_{1}=0,\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\end{array}\\\:\begin{array}{c}-\frac{1}{2}vq{l}_{0}^{2}+{l}_{0}{q}^{2}+{l}_{0}u+2w{q}^{2}{a}^{2}{l}_{2}{A}^{2}+2w{q}^{2}{a}^{2}{l}_{-2}{\alpha\:}^{2}-vq{l}_{2}{l}_{-2}-vq{l}_{1}{l}_{-1}=0\\\:2A{a}^{2}\alpha\:{q}^{2}w{l}_{-1}-qv{l}_{-2}{l}_{1}-qv{l}_{-1}{l}_{0}+{q}^{2}{l}_{-1}+u{l}_{-1}=0,\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\\\:\begin{array}{c}-\frac{1}{2}vq{l}_{-1}^{2}-vq{l}_{0}{l}_{-2}+{l}_{-2}{q}^{2}+{l}_{-2}u+8w{q}^{2}{a}^{2}{l}_{-2}\alpha\:A=0,\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\\\:2{A}^{2}{a}^{2}{q}^{2}w{l}_{-1}-qv{l}_{-2}{l}_{-1}=0,\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\\\:6{A}^{2}{a}^{2}{q}^{2}w{l}_{-2}-\frac{1}{2}qv{l}_{-2}^{2}=0.\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\end{array}\end{array}\end{array}\right.$$\end{document}
We find the following six solution sets when we use Maple to solve the obtained algebraic system (15).
Using (8) \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:-$$\end{document} (10) with (11), (14), and (16), we obtain the following solutions for (1).
When \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:A\alpha\:>0$$\end{document}, the trigonometric solution can be obtained as follows\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:{p}_{11}\left(x,t\right)={l}_{0}+{l}_{2}{\left(\sqrt{\frac{\alpha\:}{A}}\left(\frac{f\:cos\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)+g\:\text{s}\text{i}\text{n}\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)}{g\:cos\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)-f\:\text{s}\text{i}\text{n}\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)}\right)\right)}^{2}$$\end{document}
when \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:A\alpha\:<0$$\end{document}, the hyperbolic solution can be obtained as follows,\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:{p}_{12}\left(x,t\right)={l}_{0}+{l}_{2}{\left(-\frac{\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}}{A}\left(\frac{f\:sinh\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:\right)+f\:\text{c}\text{o}\text{s}\text{h}\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:+g\right)}{f\:sinh\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:\right)+f\:\text{c}\text{o}\text{s}\text{h}\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:-g\right)}\right)\right)}^{2}$$\end{document}\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\text{w}\text{h}\text{e}\text{r}\text{e}\:A=-\frac{1}{4}\frac{{q}^{2}+u}{{a}^{2}\alpha\:{q}^{2}w},\:{l}_{0}=-\frac{{q}^{2}+u}{vq},\:{l}_{2}=\frac{12wq{a}^{2}{\alpha\:}^{2}}{v},\:\gamma\:=a\left(x-q\frac{{t}^{\beta\:}}{\beta\:}\right)$$\end{document}
For case 2
Using (8) \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:-$$\end{document} (10) with (11), (14), and (17), we obtain the following solutions for (1).
When \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:A\alpha\:>0$$\end{document}, the trigonometric solution can be obtained as follows\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:{p}_{21}\left(x,t\right)={l}_{0}+{l}_{2}{\left(\sqrt{\frac{\alpha\:}{A}}\left(\frac{f\:cos\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)+g\:\text{s}\text{i}\text{n}\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)}{g\:cos\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)-f\:\text{s}\text{i}\text{n}\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)}\right)\right)}^{2}$$\end{document}
when \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:A\alpha\:<0$$\end{document}, the hyperbolic solution can be obtained as follows\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:{p}_{22}\left(x,t\right)={l}_{0}+{l}_{2}{\left(-\frac{\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}}{A}\left(\frac{f\:sinh\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:\right)+f\:\text{c}\text{o}\text{s}\text{h}\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:+g\right)}{f\:sinh\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:\right)+f\:\text{c}\text{o}\text{s}\text{h}\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:-g\right)}\right)\right)}^{2}$$\end{document}\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\text{w}\text{h}\text{e}\text{r}\text{e}\:A=\frac{1}{4}\frac{{q}^{2}+u}{{a}^{2}\alpha\:{q}^{2}w},\:{l}_{0}=-\frac{3\left({q}^{2}+u\right)}{vq},\:{l}_{2}=\frac{12wq{a}^{2}{\alpha\:}^{2}}{v},\:\gamma\:=a\left(x-q\frac{{t}^{\beta\:}}{\beta\:}\right)$$\end{document}
For case 3
Using (8) \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:-$$\end{document} (10) with (11), (14), and (18), we obtain the following solutions for (1).
When \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:A\alpha\:>0$$\end{document}, the trigonometric solution can be obtained as follows\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:{p}_{31}\left(x,t\right)={l}_{0}+{l}_{-2}{\left(\sqrt{\frac{\alpha\:}{A}}\left(\frac{f\:cos\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)+g\:\text{s}\text{i}\text{n}\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)}{g\:cos\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)-f\:\text{s}\text{i}\text{n}\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)}\right)\right)}^{-2}$$\end{document}
when \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:A\alpha\:<0$$\end{document}, the hyperbolic solution can be obtained as follows,\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:{p}_{32}\left(x,t\right)={l}_{0}+{l}_{-2}{\left(-\frac{\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}}{A}\left(\frac{f\:sinh\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:\right)+f\:\text{c}\text{o}\text{s}\text{h}\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:+g\right)}{f\:sinh\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:\right)+f\:\text{c}\text{o}\text{s}\text{h}\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:-g\right)}\right)\right)}^{-2}$$\end{document}
when \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:A\ne\:0$$\end{document} and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\alpha\:=0$$\end{document}, the trigonometric solution can be obtained as follows\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:{p}_{33}\left(x,t\right)={l}_{0}+{l}_{-2}{\left(-\frac{f}{A(f\gamma\:+g)}\right)}^{-2}$$\end{document}\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\text{w}\text{h}\text{e}\text{r}\text{e}\:\alpha\:=-\frac{1}{4}\frac{{q}^{2}+u}{A{a}^{2}{q}^{2}w},\:{l}_{0}=-\frac{{q}^{2}+u}{vq},\:{l}_{-2}=\frac{12wq{a}^{2}{A}^{2}}{v},\:\gamma\:=a\left(x-q\frac{{t}^{\beta\:}}{\beta\:}\right)$$\end{document}
For case 4
Using (8) \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:-$$\end{document} (10) with (11), (14), and (19), we obtain the following solutions for (1).
When \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:A\alpha\:>0$$\end{document}, the trigonometric solution can be determined as follows\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:{p}_{41}\left(x,t\right)={l}_{0}+{l}_{-2}{\left(\sqrt{\frac{\alpha\:}{A}}\left(\frac{f\:cos\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)+g\:\text{s}\text{i}\text{n}\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)}{g\:cos\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)-f\:\text{s}\text{i}\text{n}\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)}\right)\right)}^{-2}$$\end{document}
when \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:A\alpha\:<0$$\end{document}, the hyperbolic solution can be determined as follows\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:{p}_{42}\left(x,t\right)={l}_{0}+{l}_{-2}{\left(-\frac{\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}}{A}\left(\frac{f\:sinh\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:\right)+f\:\text{c}\text{o}\text{s}\text{h}\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:+g\right)}{f\:sinh\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:\right)+f\:\text{c}\text{o}\text{s}\text{h}\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:-g\right)}\right)\right)}^{-2}$$\end{document}
when \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:A\ne\:0$$\end{document} and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\alpha\:=0$$\end{document}, the trigonometric solution can be determined as follows\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:{p}_{43}\left(x,t\right)={l}_{0}+{l}_{-2}{\left(-\frac{f}{A(f\gamma\:+g)}\right)}^{-2}$$\end{document}\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\text{w}\text{h}\text{e}\text{r}\text{e}\:\alpha\:=\frac{1}{4}\frac{{q}^{2}+u}{A{a}^{2}{q}^{2}w},\:{l}_{0}=\frac{3\left({q}^{2}+u\right)}{vq},\:{l}_{-2}=\frac{12wq{a}^{2}{A}^{2}}{v},\:\gamma\:=a\left(x-q\frac{{t}^{\beta\:}}{\beta\:}\right)$$\end{document}
For case 5
Using (8) \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:-$$\end{document} (10) with (11), (14), and (20), we obtain the following solutions for (1).
When \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:A\alpha\:>0$$\end{document}, the trigonometric solution can be determined as follows\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\begin{aligned}\:{p}_{51}\left(x,t\right)={l}_{0}+{l}_{2}{\left(\sqrt{\frac{\alpha\:}{A}}\left(\frac{f\:cos\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)+g\:\text{s}\text{i}\text{n}\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)}{g\:cos\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)-f\:\text{s}\text{i}\text{n}\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)}\right)\right)}^{2}\\+{l}_{-2}{\left(\sqrt{\frac{\alpha\:}{A}}\left(\frac{f\:cos\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)+g\:\text{s}\text{i}\text{n}\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)}{g\:cos\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)-f\:\text{s}\text{i}\text{n}\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)}\right)\right)}^{-2}\end{aligned}$$\end{document}
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\begin{document}$$\:A\alpha\:<0$$\end{document}, the hyperbolic solution can be obtained as follows\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\begin{aligned}{p}_{52}\left(x,t\right)={l}_{0}+{l}_{2}{\left(-\frac{\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}}{A}\left(\frac{f\:sinh\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:\right)+f\:\text{c}\text{o}\text{s}\text{h}\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:+g\right)}{f\:sinh\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:\right)+f\:\text{c}\text{o}\text{s}\text{h}\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:-g\right)}\right)\right)}^{2}\\+{l}_{-2}{\left(-\frac{\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}}{A}\left(\frac{f\:sinh\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:\right)+f\:\text{c}\text{o}\text{s}\text{h}\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:+g\right)}{f\:sinh\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:\right)+f\:\text{c}\text{o}\text{s}\text{h}\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:-g\right)}\right)\right)}^{-2}\end{aligned}$$\end{document}
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\begin{document}$$\:\alpha\:=0$$\end{document}, the trigonometric solution can be obtained as follows\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:{p}_{53}\left(x,t\right)={l}_{0}+{l}_{2}{\left(-\frac{f}{A(f\varsigma\:+g)}\right)}^{2}+{l}_{-2}{\left(-\frac{f}{A(f\varsigma\:+g)}\right)}^{-2}$$\end{document}
Using (8) \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:-$$\end{document} (10) with (11), (14), and (21), we obtain the following solutions for (1).
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\begin{document}$$\:A\alpha\:>0$$\end{document}, the trigonometric solution can be obtained as follows\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:{p}_{61}\left(x,t\right)={l}_{0}+{l}_{2}{\left(\sqrt{\frac{\alpha\:}{A}}\left(\frac{f\:cos\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)+g\:\text{s}\text{i}\text{n}\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)}{g\:cos\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)-f\:\text{s}\text{i}\text{n}\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)}\right)\right)}^{2}+{l}_{-2}{\left(\sqrt{\frac{\alpha\:}{A}}\left(\frac{f\:cos\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)+g\:\text{s}\text{i}\text{n}\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)}{g\:cos\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)-f\:\text{s}\text{i}\text{n}\left(\sqrt{A\alpha\:}\gamma\:\right)}\right)\right)}^{-2}$$\end{document}
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\begin{document}$$\:A\alpha\:<0$$\end{document}, the hyperbolic solution can be obtained as follows\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\begin{aligned}\:{p}_{62}\left(x,t\right)={l}_{0}+{l}_{2}{\left(-\frac{\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}}{A}\left(\frac{f\:sinh\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:\right)+f\:\text{c}\text{o}\text{s}\text{h}\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:+g\right)}{f\:sinh\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:\right)+f\:\text{c}\text{o}\text{s}\text{h}\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:-g\right)}\right)\right)}^{2}\\+{l}_{-2}{\left(-\frac{\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}}{A}\left(\frac{f\:sinh\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:\right)+f\:\text{c}\text{o}\text{s}\text{h}\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:+g\right)}{f\:sinh\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:\right)+f\:\text{c}\text{o}\text{s}\text{h}\left(2\sqrt{\left|A\alpha\:\right|}\gamma\:-g\right)}\right)\right)}^{-2}\end{aligned}$$\end{document}
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\begin{document}$$\:\alpha\:=0$$\end{document}, the trigonometric solution can be as follows\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:{p}_{63}\left(x,t\right)={l}_{0}+{l}_{2}{\left(-\frac{f}{A(f\gamma\:+g)}\right)}^{2}+{l}_{-2}{\left(-\frac{f}{A(f\gamma\:+g)}\right)}^{-2}$$\end{document}
Figure 5 illustrates that \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:Re\left({p}_{52}\right)$$\end{document} displays a local breather with a dark soliton, while \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\left|{p}_{52}\right|$$\end{document} displays local breather with dark & bright soliton and breather wave, respectively, using the values \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:g=1$$\end{document}. Additionally, the patterns are the same for \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:{p}_{62}$$\end{document}.
Stability analysis of the solution
The stability properties33,34 of the conformable time-fractional symmetric regularized long wave (SRLW) equation’s solution are investigated below. To reach our destination, assume the Hamiltonian factor employing Eq. (1) as\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:S\left(q\right)=\frac{1}{2}{\int\:}_{-\infty\:}^{\infty\:}\frac{{p\left(x,t\right)}^{2}}{2}dx$$\end{document}
Now, the sufficient condition for this solution’s stability is as follows:\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:{P}_{41}$$\end{document} and taking the limit \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:x\in\:\left[-\text{3,3}\right]$$\end{document} in Eq. (22). Then this reaches,\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:S\left(q\right)=\frac{9q}{2v}+\frac{9u}{2vq}+\frac{24{a}^{4}{A}^{4}w{q}^{3}\left(-3+\frac{2a\left({f}^{2}+{g}^{2}\right)wq\text{sin}\left(\frac{3\sqrt{{q}^{2}+u}}{2awq}\right)}{f\sqrt{{q}^{2}+u}\left(f\text{cos}\left(\frac{3\sqrt{{q}^{2}+u}}{2awq}\right)+g\text{sin}\left(\frac{3}{2}\sqrt{\frac{{q}^{2}+u}{{a}^{2}w{q}^{2}}}\right)\right)}\right)}{\left({q}^{2}+u\right)v}$$\end{document}
In Eq. (24), using the stability requirement Eq. (23) and the assumption \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:{P}_{41}$$\end{document} as follows:\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\frac{\partial\:S\left(q\right)}{\partial\:q}=\frac{9q}{2}+\frac{9}{2q}+\frac{1.5{q}^{3}\left(-3+\frac{4q\text{sin}\left(\frac{3\sqrt{{q}^{2}+1}}{2q}\right)}{\sqrt{{q}^{2}+1}\:\:\left(\text{cos}\left(\frac{3\sqrt{{q}^{2}+1}}{2q}\right)+\text{sin}\left(\frac{3}{2}\sqrt{\frac{{q}^{2}+1}{{q}^{2}}}\right)\right)}\right)}{\left({q}^{2}+1\right)}>0$$\end{document}
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\begin{document}$$\:{\left.\frac{\partial\:S\left(q\right)}{\partial\:q}\right|}_{q=0.3}=16.36518889$$\end{document} which is positive. For the condition Eq. (25), \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:{P}_{41}$$\end{document} is a stable solution. The same method can be used to determine the stability condition of other outcomes.
Chaotic analysis by lyapunov exponents and other tools
Chaos is the term used to describe situations in which some vibrant structures act in a manner that appears random but is controlled by deterministic rules35. Minor alterations to the initial values can lead to significantly divergent long-term results due to the great sensitivity of chaotic systems to early conditions. Chaos can emerge in various anthropogenic and natural systems, such as fluid dynamics, atmospheric circulation, and optics36,37. This section explores the chaotic behaviors of the solutions arrived at in the above problem. This inquiry includes an analysis of both 2D and 3D phase representations. Let the dynamic system be obtained from Eq. (11) by setting \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\frac{dP}{d\gamma\:}=Q,\:\frac{dQ}{d\gamma\:}=-{\alpha\:}_{1}{P}^{2}-{\alpha\:}_{2}P+Asin\left(\phi\:\gamma\:\right)$$\end{document}
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\begin{document}$$\:Asin\left(\phi\:\gamma\:\right)$$\end{document}, in Eq. (26) of the system discussed above, where \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:A$$\end{document} signify the strength and rate of recurrence of the disturbance, respectively.
Algorithm of Lyapunov exponent computation.
An effective method for determining the stability and chaos of dynamical systems38,39 is the Lyapunov exponent, which is visualized mathematically. However, understanding system dynamics and utilizing well-organized data are crucial. The Lyapunov exponent is a crucial tool for finding whether a system is chaotic. If the exponent is large and the adjacent trajectories display exponential divergence, signifying chaotic behavior, if it is negative, the close trajectories give exponential convergence and indicate stability. The computation of such an exponential is necessary to understand nonlinear dynamics. We now determine that the Lyapunov exponents for the system (26) are \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:{LE}_{3}=0.0000$$\end{document} by selecting suitable values. Figure 6 shows the chaotic structure of the system with a positive Lyapunov exponent, illustrating its chaotic behavior. The approach of Lyapunov exponent iteration is presented in Table 1.
Lyapunov exponent pattern of system Eq. (26) for \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:w=1,q=1,a=1,v=2.6,u=1.5,A=1.736\:and\:\phi\:=3.2$$\end{document} with initial value (0.11, 0.52).
We use other methods, the strange attractor, the return map plots, the recurrence plot, and the power spectrum plot of the system (26), to detect whether chaos is present s for \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:Q$$\end{document} of system for Eq. (26).
Figure 10 shows the recurrence plot for \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:Q$$\end{document}, two state variables, which determine the system behaves chaotically according to the irregular pattern of the graphics.
Recurrence map for state variable \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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Figure 11 shows the power spectrum plot for two state variables, P and Q, which determine the system behaves chaotically according to the different frequency characteristics of the graphics.
Power spectrum plot for the state variable \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:Q$$\end{document} of the system for Eq. (26).
Fractal dimension plot for Eq. (26).
Figure 12 shows the fractal dimension plot for the 0.9714 value, which is close to 1, indicating that the system behaves chaotically for Eq. (26).
Multistability analysis
The visualization of multi-stability38,39 in the disturbed system controlled by Eq. (26) is found in this section. For finding the path of this dynamical system, the corresponding phase portraits are illustrated in Fig. 13. Multistability is an important characteristic that describe the existence of multiple stable points and the behavior of the path within a particular range of physical variables and initial conditions. For the initial values \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\left(P\right(0),\:Q(0\left)\right)\:=\:(0.3,\:-0.3)$$\end{document}, the colors red, blue, and green, respectively, can be used to create two different types of phase diagrams. Based on the given initial values, the system under analysis exhibits a chaotic pattern. The phase diagram shows that the existence of several stable states characterizes this chaotic behavior. Therefore, the system’s multistability is complex and difficult to predict.
Illustration of the system’s multistability diagram of Eq. (26).
Uniqueness of our result
The work focuses on this study is different from others on the SRLW problem, as we find exact and numerous solutions, as well as visualize most of the possible behaviors of the solutions. This section compares our work with recent research and shows why our article is unique. Zhang and his colleagues40 demonstrate bifurcation analysis and exact solutions to this model. ALA and his colleagues41 are solving the SRLW equation using the IBSEFM method, and they find only three solutions. Hamali ana Alghamdi discovered exact solutions of the stated nonlinear problem supported by the Riccati-Bernoulli sub-ODE scheme42. Hussain and others obtain solitary waves of this model with the assistance of the tanh-coth method43. Aldwoah et al. extracted the analytical solutions of the mentioned equation through the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:{\varphi\:}^{6}$$\end{document} model expansion process44. However, we have obtained 18 solutions using the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\left(\frac{G{\prime\:}}{{G}^{2}}\right)$$\end{document}-expansion method, and all the illustrations are in 3D and 2D, and the insides are very advanced, likened to the above two papers. Additionally, various types of tools like power spectrum plots, recurrence plots, multi-stability diagrams, return maps, strange attractors, and Lyapunov exponents are illustrated in this work to find the chaotic nature of the governing problem. We present the behavior of the solutions more clearly; we also present an analysis of their stability. Therefore, our investigation enhances the application capability of governing models in nonlinear research.
Future-oriented studies
Our work on the SRLW equation using chaotic nature, Lyapunov exponents, stability, multi-stability, and other chaos-detection techniques may open a wide range of research directions. After the current analysis has yielded useful information about the dynamic behavior of the equation, further research could focus on confirming these theoretical conclusions through practical experiments and numerical simulations.
Conclusion
We have successfully found new exact soliton solutions for the regularized long wave equation, utilizing the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\:\left(\frac{G{\prime\:}}{{G}^{2}}\right)$$\end{document} -expansion method. Since this method is a mechanism for constructing precise soliton solutions, it is beneficial for solving nonlinear systems. We find the chaotic nature of the equation by using various types of tools like strange attractors, recurrence plots, return maps, Lyapunov exponents, power spectrum plots, and multi-stability analysis. The recurrence pattern helps us identify whether the equations are returning to similar conditions. A strange attractor gives us an idea about the equation’s long-term behavior. Those analyses are important for finding chaotic behaviors in equations. These anticipated complicated dynamics and their real-world applications can be verified through physical experiments in the future based on our analysis and graphical description.
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Author contributions
Mohammad Safi Ullah: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing-review & editing. Md. Mehedi Hasan: Software, Methodology, Writing-Original draft. Md. Aman Mahbub: Formal analysis, Writing-review & editing. All authors have read and agreed to publish the manuscript.
Funding
The author(s) received no external funding for this study.
Data availability
All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this article.
DeclarationsCompeting interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
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